Featured Post

TNTET 2017 BREAKING NEWS

TNTET 2017 BREAKING NEWS | ஆசிரியர் தகுதித்தேர்வு நடத்த அனைத்து ஏற்பாடுகளும் தயார்...ஓரிரு நாட்களில் முறையான அறிவிப்பு வெளியாகிறது...| விண்ண...

Tuesday, May 26, 2015

Audit Report as per CARO 2015

INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT
To the Members of ABC Company 

Report on the (Standalone) * Financial Statements 

1. We have audited the accompanying financial statements of ABC COMPANY (“the Company”), which comprise the Balance Sheet as at March 31, 2015, the Statement of Profit and Loss and Cash Flow Statement for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory information 

Management’s Responsibility for the (Standalone) * Financial Statements
2. The management and Board of Directors of the Company are responsible for the matters stated in Section 134(5) of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘the act’) with respect to the preparation of these financial statements that give a true and fair view of the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of the Company in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in India, including the Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Act, read with rule 7 of Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014. This responsibility includes maintenance of adequate accounting records in accordance with the provisions of the Act for safeguarding the assets of the Company and for preventing and detecting frauds and other irregularities; selection and application of appropriate accounting policies; making judgments and estimates that are reasonable and prudent; design, implementation and maintenance of adequate internal financial controls, that are operating effectively for ensuring the accuracy and completeness of the accounting records, relevant to the preparation and presentation of the financial statements that give a true and fair view and are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
 
 Auditor’s Responsibility

3. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We have taken into account the provisions of the Act, the accounting and auditing standards and matters which are required to be included in the audit report under the provisions of the Act and the Rules made thereunder. We conducted our audit in accordance with the Standards on Auditing specified under Section 143(10) of the Act. Those Standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement

4. An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditor’s judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal financial control relevant to the Company’s preparation of the financial statements, that give a true and fair view, in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on whether the Company has in place an adequate internal financial controls system over financial reporting and the operating effectiveness of such controls An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of the accounting estimates made by the Company’s management and Board of Directors, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements

5. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion

Opinion
6. In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, the aforesaid financial statements give the information required by the Act in the manner so required and give a true and fair view in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in India of the state of affairs of the Company as at 31st March 2015, its profit/loss and its cash flows for the year ended on that date

Report on Other Legal and Regulatory Requirements
7. As required by the Companies (Auditor’s Report) Order, 2015 (“the Order”) issued by the Central Government of India in terms of sub-section (11) of section143 of the Act, we give in the Annexure a statement on the matters Specified in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the Order.

8. As required by section 143(3) of the Act, we further report that:


a) we have sought and obtained all the information and explanations which to the best of our knowledge and belief were necessary for the purpose of our audit; 

b) in our opinion proper books of account as required by law have been kept by the Company so far as appears from our examination of those books; 

c) the Balance Sheet, Statement of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statement dealt with by this Report are in agreement with the books of account; 

d) in our opinion, the aforesaid financial statements comply with the applicable Accounting Standards specified under Section 133 of the Act, read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014 

e) on the basis of written representations received from the directors as on March 31, 2015, and taken on record by the Board of Directors, none of the directors is disqualified as on March 31, 2015, from being appointed as a director in terms of Section 164(2) of the Act 

f) In our opinion and to the best of our information and according to the explanations given to us, we report as under with respect to other matters to be included in the Auditor’s Report in accordance with Rule 11 of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014:: 

i. The Company does not have any pending litigations which would impact its financial position 
ii. The Company did not have any long-term contracts including derivative contracts; as such the question of commenting on any material foreseeable losses thereon does not arise
iii. There has not been an occasion in case of the Company during the year under report to transfer any sums to the Investor Education and Protection Fund. The question of delay in transferring such sums does not arise 


For -----
Chartered Accountants
Firm Registration No ----

XXXX
Partner 
Place: 
Date :

Annexure referred to in paragraph 7 Our Report of even date to the members of ABC Company Limited on the accounts of the company for the year ended 31st March, 2015 

On the basis of such checks as we considered appropriate and according to the information and explanations given to us during the course of our audit, we report that:

i. (a). The Company has maintained proper records showing full particulars, including quantitative    details and situation of fixed assets ;
(b). As explained to us, fixed assets have been physically verified by the management at regular    intervals; as informed to us no material discrepancies were noticed on such verification;

ii. The nature of business of the Company does not require it to have any inventory. Hence, the requirement of clause (ii) of paragraph 3 of the said Order is not applicable to the Company

iii. The company has not granted any loans, secured or unsecured to/from companies, firms or other parties covered in the register maintained under section 189 of the Act.

iv. In our opinion and according to the information and explanations given to us, there is adequate internal control system commensurate with the size of the Company and the nature of its business, for the purchase of fixed assets and for the sale of services. Further, on the basis of our examination of the books and records of the Company and according to the information and explanations given to us, no major weakness has not been noticed or reported.


v. The Company has not accepted any deposits from the public covered under Section 73 to 76 of the Companies Act, 2013 

vi. As informed to us, the Central Government has not prescribed maintenance of cost records under sub-section (1) of Section 148 of the Act


vii. (a) According to the information and explanations given to us and based on the records of the company examined by us, the company is regular in depositing the undisputed statutory dues, including Provident Fund, , Employees’ State Insurance, Income-tax, Sales-tax, Wealth Tax, Service Tax, Custom Duty, Excise Duty and other material statutory dues, as applicable, with the appropriate authorities in India ; 

(b) According to the information and explanations given to us and based on the records of the company examined by us, there are no dues of Income Tax, Wealth Tax, Service Tax, Sales Tax, Customs Duty and Excise Duty which have not been deposited on account of any disputes 

(c) There has not been an occasion in case of the Company during the year under report to transfer any sums to the Investor Education and Protection Fund. The question of reporting delay in transferring such sums does not arise 

As at 31st March, 2015, the Company has been registered for less than 5 years; hence, clause 4(x) of the Order is not applicable to it  

viii. According to the records of the company examined by us and as per the information and explanations given to us, the company has not availed of any loans from any financial institution or banks and has not issued debentures 

ix. In our opinion, and according to the information and explanations given to us, the Company has not given any guarantee for loan taken by others from a bank or financial institution during the year 

x. In our opinion, and according to the information and explanations given to us, the company has not raised any term loans during the year 

xi. During the course of our examination of the books and records of the company, carried in accordance with the auditing standards generally accepted in India, we have neither come across any instance of fraud on or by the Company noticed or reported during the course of our audit nor have we been informed of any such instance by the Management 


For ---------- 
Chartered Accountants 
Firm Registration No ---- 


XXXXX 
Partner 
Place: 
Date: 

Declaration u/s 194C(6) for non-deduction of tax at source (Sample)

Declaration u/s 194C(6) for non-deduction of tax at source

To,

__________ (Name of the Payer)

__________  (Address of the Payer)

Declaration

I, ________, Proprietor / Partner / Director of M/s _________________ (name and address of Payee) [hereinafter “the contractor”] do hereby makes the following declaration as required by sub section (6) of Section 194C of the Income Tax Act, 1961 for receiving payments from the payer without deduction of tax at source:-

1. That I/We am/are authorized to make this declaration in the capacity as proprietor/partner/director.
2. That the contractor is engaged by the payer for plying, hiring or leasing of goods carriage* for its business.

3. That the contractor does not own more than 10 goods carriage* as on date.

4. That if the number of goods carriages* owned by the contractor exceeds ten at any time during the previous year 2015-16 (i.e. 01.04.2015 to 31.03.2016) or after furnishing this declaration, the contractor shall forthwith, in writing intimate the payer of this fact.

5. That the Income Tax Permanent Account Number (PAN) of the contractor is ____________ . A self-attested photocopy of the PAN is furnished to the payer along with this declaration. 

Place : ______

Date : _______                                                                             (Name of Declarant)

Verification

I, the above named declarant do hereby verify that the contents of the above paragraphs one to five are true to the best of my knowledge and belief, and no part of it is false and nothing material has been concealed in it.

Place :

Date:                                                                                                  

(Name of Declarant)

* Goods Carriage” means any motor  vehicle constructed or adapted for use solely for the carriage of goods, or any motor vehicle not so constructed or adapted when used for the carriage. [Explanation (a) to subsection (7) of Section 44AE read with Explanation (ii) of Section 194C and  Section 2 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.]

Amendments In Service Tax Rate from 1st June, 2015

AMENDEMENTS IN SERVICE TAX RATE


Following provisions will come into effect from 1st June, 2015.

2.1 Section 66B of the Finance Act, 1994, prescribes the service tax rate. It has been amended by Section 108 of the Finance Act, 2015. The rate of Service Tax is being increased from 12% to 14% (including cesses). The increase in Service Tax rate will come into effect from 1st June, 2015. (Notification No.14/2015-Service Tax, dated 19th May, 2015 refers)

2.2 Sections 153 and 159 of the Finance Act, 2015 provide that section 95 of the Finance (No.2) Act, 2004 and section 140 of the Finance Act, 2007, levying Education Cess and Secondary and Higher Education Cess, respectively, on taxable services, shall cease to have effect from a date to be notified by the Central Government. The above provisions levying Education Cess and Secondary and Higher Education Cess should also cease to have effect from 1st June, 2015. (Notification No.14/2015-Service Tax, dated 19th May, 2015 refers), that is the date with effect from which the increase in the Service Tax rate comes into effect.

Specimen Resolution of Board of Directors – For Appointment of Cost Auditors

Specimen Resolution of Board of Directors – For Appointment of Cost Auditors

Extract from minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors M/s _______________Ltd. held at the _______ office of the Company on _(date)_____ at ---------- am / pm.
RESOLUTION NO. ---------------------

Company Secretary tabled the Companies (Cost Records and Audit) Rules, 2014 (GSR 425) dated 30.6.2014 as amended by Companies (Cost Records and Audit) Amendment Rules, 2014 (GSR 01) dated 31st December, 2014 issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), whereby the Company is required to arrange for audit of its cost records for the year 2014-15.

The Chairman informed the Board that the audit Committee has recommended for appointment of M/s _________________, Cost Accountants, who have given their consent to act as Cost Auditors and laid on the table the consent letter received from them.

After discussions the Board decided to appoint the said Cost Auditors, and “Resolved that, pursuant to section 148 (3) of the Companies Act, 2013 and rule 6(2) of the Companies (Cost records and Audit Rules) 2014 M/s _________________, Cost Accountants (Registration No. _____) be and are hereby appointed as the Cost Auditors of the company to conduct audit of cost records made and maintained by the company pertaining to …………………(products / services) for financial year commencing on 1st April, 2014 and ending on 31st March, 2015 at a remuneration of Rs. _________ (Rupees __________________ only) plus Service Tax & re-imbursement of out–of– pocket expenses.

Further Resolved that the said appointment of the Cost Auditor should be included as an Agenda item at the next General Meeting of the members of the Company for ratification of the remuneration payable to the Cost Auditors by the members of the Company.

Further Resolved, that the secretary or any one of the director of the company be and is hereby authorised to submit the necessary intimation in Form CRA-2 to the Central Government for appointment of Cost Auditors by the Company and to do all such other acts as may be necessary from time to time to make the Resolution effective.”
The Board noted that none of the directors of the Company are interested in their appointment

Derivative Markets in India

Like the growth of other markets, derivative markets are growing very fastly in India. In past 1952, it was banned. But after understanding, it is good tool of minimize the business risk, Securities exchange board of India has first started derivative trading in different stock exchange. Now, after 2001, any one can trade the derivative products in NSE and BSE.


NSE's derivative market is of more than Rs. 130 Lakhs Crores. It is traded with the name of equity derivatives for saving the risk in priced due to fluctuations.


As per International organisation of scientific research (http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jef/papers/vol3-issue3/D0332542.pdf )


Financial derivatives have earned a well deserved extremely significant place among all the financial instruments (products), due to innovation and revolutionized the landscape. Derivatives are tool for managing risk. Derivatives provide an opportunity to transfer risk from one to another. Launch of equity derivatives in Indian market has been extremely encouraging and successful. The growth of derivatives in the recent years has surpassed the growth of its counterpart globally. The Notional value of option on the NSE increased from 1195.691178 lakhs USD in 2003 to 354648.1941 lakhs USD in 2012 and notional value of NSE futures increased from 14329.35627 lakhs USD in 2003 to 39228.38563 lakhs USD in 2012. India is one of the most successful developing country in terms of a vibrate market for exchange-traded derivatives. The equity derivatives market is playing a major role in shaping price discovery. Volatility in financial asset price, integration of financial market internationally, sophisticated risk management tools, innovations in financial engineering and choices at risk management strategies have been driving the growth of financial derivatives worldwide, also in India. Finally we can say there is big significance and contribution of derivatives to financial system. 

Derivatives in Commodities 



The commodity derivative market has been functioning in India since the nineteenth century with organized trading in cotton through the establishment of Cotton Trade Association in 1875. In commodity market, there is national commodity and exchange limited which is public company in company act. It is also provide the platform of commodity derivative products exchange in its market.


Forward markets commission regulates national commodity and derivative exchange ltd (NCDEX). There are 36 products can be bought and sold on derivative basis in In India. There products are oil, rice, wheat and others.

Derivative Market



Before knowing derivatives market, you should know meaning of derivative. Derivative is finance term and it means to pay advance for purchasing the asset in future. Main benefit to derive is to minimize the future risk due to fluctuation in the market. Now, it is very simple for me to teach you derivative market. Any market where buyer buys financial instruments on derives condition that market is called derivative market. Derivative market is the place where investors can take the benefit of leverage and transferring of risk. Some companies sell their financial product like hedge or mutual fund as derivative products. Derivative market is playing major role to reduce investor’s risk, balance in financial market and increasing the habit of saving of fund. Derivative market can be classified into future, forward, options and swaps market.

Financial Derivatives

Today, business has spreaded at international level. Due to this, all type of businesses are living in the risk due to changing foreign exchange rates and international interest rates. So, from saving from these type of risk, business  owners do the contract each other in which financial products are bought and sold at future date at fixed price. Such contracts are called financial derivatives.


Financial derivative may be in all type of businesses and in all type of market. Financial derivatives may be in retail market, metal market, share market, bond market and mutual fund market.

Financial Derivative Products 


This is new type of financial product or instrument. Financial derivative may be forward contract, future contract, option or swap.


First Financial Derivative : Forward Contract 


Forward contract is that financial derivative in which product is sold or bought at future date at today's agreed price.


Second Financial Derivative : Future Contract 


Future contract is that type of financial derivative in which asset is bought or sold at a certain time in future at certain price. It must be in standardized exchange market


Third Financial Derivative : Option


An option is also contract in which asset is bought or sold on the basis of option of buy and option of sell. Right to buy is call option and right to sell is put option. This option may be on agreed price.


Fourth Financial Derivative : Swap


Swap is exchange of one liability with other liability. It may be interest rate swap and currency swap.


Following are main reasons of its existence


1. Connecting local market with international market.


2. Changing in the asset prices in financial market at large level.


3. Increasing of risk.


4. For hedging the risk.


5. For stability in prices of different commodities.

Future Contract

Future contract is contract between two parties to buy or sell any asset at certain time in future at a certain price. Both parties are agreed to buy or sell certain quantity at certain time and certain price in future.


Aim of future contract is to protect producer and suppliers  from prices changes. 



Example : For example. One is book retailer and other is book publisher. Publisher has published the book and its current market rate is RS. 100. In future, if there is the shortage of paper, price of book may be Rs. 200 due to increasing the cost of paper. Due to this, book retailer shop will face the risk of loss in future. If there is huge supply of paper, book price may be of Rs. 50 in future, due to this, publisher will face the lose. Now, both can do contract with each other. At this contract, after six month, book retailer has to buy 2000 book copies from same publisher of current price of Rs. 100. This is the lock of price. Now, both can agree on this price due to different person has different risk of increasing or decreasing prices.  So, this type of contract will be future contract. Same contract can apply to other type products like milk production and sale. 



Following are the main feature of Future Contracts



1. Standardization


One of great feature of future contracts, there will be standardization of quantity and quality of asset. In this agreement, all the date and month of delivery will be fixed. Location of settlement will be fixed. There will be also exchange of such trade. For example, Board of Trade India.


2. Clearing House


Clearing house is middleman between two parties of contract. It gives guarantee of payment and delivery of each asset.


3. Settlement Price


Future contract's asset is performed also in the exchange. Settlement price is profit or loss on each contract for that day.


4. Daily Settlement and Margin


Everyone can come in doing of future contract. For this, he has to deposit advance security to the broker.



6. Cash Settlement 


It is the feature of future contract. If price of asset is different from agreed price, then one party has to pay to other party that is called cash settlement.


7. Delivery


On the expiry of future contract, one party will also deliver the asset to other party.

FAQ on Pass Certificates - CA Final ~ Intermediate (IPC) ~ CPT


1. I have passed only one Group of Intermediate (IPC)/Final examination. Do I get a pass certificate for having passed one of the Groups?
No. Pass certificates are not issued for having passed only one of the Groups.
Pass certificates are issued only when you pass both the groups of the exams mentioned above, either together or separately group-wise.
2. I have passed both the groups of Final/Intermediate(IPC) Examination. Do I get a pass certificate from the Institute?
Pass certificates are issued to candidates who have passed both the groups of the Intermediate (IPC)/Final Examination, either together or separately group-wise.
A hard copy of the pass certificate, is sent to all the candidates by Speed Post, at the address given by the candidates in their exam form.
3. I passed CPT and also got a result card from the Institute. Do I get a pass certificate also?
No. Pass certificates are not issued to CPT pass candidates.
4. Do I have to apply for issue of pass certificates after passing both the Groups of the exam? Do I have to pay any fees for the same?
You do not have to apply for issue of pass certificate. It will be issued to you, free of cost, by the Exam Dept., upon your passing both the groups of the exam. 
5. I passed both the groups of the CA Final/Intermediate (IPC) exam with distinction. Do I get any distinction certificate?
Candidates who pass both the Groups of CA Final/Intermediate (IPC) Examination with distinction, will receive pass certificates stating that they have passed the respective exam with distinction.
6. How soon do I receive the pass certificate, after declaration of results?
Pass certificates are sent to the candidates, generally, within about 2-3 months time from the date of declaration of results.
7. Does the pass certificate contain the candidate’s photograph and signature?
Yes. It contains the candidate’s photograph and signature.
8. I had omitted to affix my photograph and signature on the exam form? Will my pass certificate contain my photograph and signature? What do I do now?
Pass certificates will not be issued without photograph and signature of the candidate. You will have to send your photograph and signature duly attested by a Chartered Accountant or Principal of an educational Institution or a Gazetted Officer, to us, at the following address, by speed post:

The Additional Secretary (Exams),
ICAI Bhawan
Indraprastha Marg
New Delhi 110 002

Upon receipt of the same, your pass certificate will be issued.
9. It is more than two months, since declaration of results. I have not yet received my pass certificate? Whom should I contact?
You can write to us at the above mentioned address or send us an email at Email at dms_examhelpline@icai.in
You can also call us on any of the following numbers:
Phone: 0120-3054 836, 842
10. There is an error in the spelling of my name contained in the pass certificate;
There is an error in my registration number printed on the pass certificate;
The pass certificate is faded or is not clearly readable;
I received the pass certificate in a damaged or mutilated/defaced condition.
What do I do?
You may write to us, at the above mentioned address, enclosing the following:
  •  A letter clearly specifying the correction/s required.
  •  Copy of the letter issued by ICAI at the time of registering you in the CA course
  •  Original pass certificate with the error
Please send all your correspondence with the Exam Dept. by Speed Post and not by any private courier or ordinary post.
A corrected pass certificate will be issued to you, free of cost.
11. I have not received my original pass certificate, reported to have been sent by speed post. It appears that it is lost in transit. How do I get my pass certificate?
You may apply for issue of a duplicate pass certificate, in the prescribed format with the applicable fee. Please visit www.icai.org for details.
12. Whom do I contact, for issue of a duplicate pass certificate?
You may contact the Duplicate Mark Sheet section of the Exam Dept. for issue of a duplicate mark sheet:
Contact details are as follows:
Phone: 0120-3054 836, 842
13. Do I get a passing certificate after passing any Unit under the Intermeidate (IPC) Unit Scheme of exam?
Intermediate(IPC) Exam Passing certificate will be issued only to those candidates who have passed any of the following units:
Unit 4 and Unit 6 or
Unit 8 or
Unit 5 and Unit 7 or
Unit 9
Please refer to the FAQs on the Intermediate (IPC) Unit Scheme, hosted elsewhere on this site, for more details on the matter.
14. I passed Group I of IPCE. Can I get ATC passing certificate? How do I proceed for getting a ATC passing certificate?
ATC Passing certificate will be issued to 
a) Candidates who had registered for ATC and passed IPCE Group I, after undergoing prescribed period of practical training/work experience in an approved organization.
b) Unit candidates who pass either Unit 1 or Unit 2, after undergoing prescribed period of practical training/work experience in an approved organization.
Candidates who wish to get ATC passing certificate will have to apply to the regional office concerned for issue of the same. You do not have to pay any application fee for getting ATC pass certificate.
Please note you do not have to apply to the exam dept. for obtaining ATC passing certificate. Your application in this regard should be submitted at the regional office concerned.

ஆண்களே! நீங்க ‘அப்பா’வாக‌ வேண்டுமா?


திருமணம் ஆன ஆண்கள், கேரட்டை உணவோடு சேர்த்து சாப்பிட்டு வந் தால், அவர்களது
விந்தணுவின் அளவு அதிகரிப்பதோடு, அதன் வீரியமும் அதிகரிக்கும். இதனால் அவர்கள் முழு தாதுபலம் பெற்று மனைவியுடன் இணையலாம். அப்ப‍டி இணையும்போது அவர்களின் மனைவி கருத்த‍ரிப் ப‍து நிச்ச‍யம் ஆகவே தான் அப்பா ஆக துடிக்கும் ஆண்கள் தினமும் கேரட்டை உணவில் தவறாமல் சேர்த்து சாப்பிட்டு வருவது நல்லது.

மல்லிகைப்பூ

மல்லிகைப்பூ வாசத்தில் மயங்காதவர்கள் இருக்க முடியாது. அதனால்தான் இதை மன்மதமலர் என்று அழைக்கின்றனர். மல்லிகைப்பூவில் மனதை மயக்கும் வாசனை மட்டுமல்ல, மனிதர்களின் நோயை போக்கும் மருந்தும் உள்ளது. ஓட்டலில் தொடர்ந்து உணவு சாப்பிடுபவர்களுக்கு, வயிற்றில் பூச்சி உண்டாகும். வயிற்றில் பூச்சி இருந்தால் உடல் மெலிந்து, சருமத்தில் வெள்ளைத் திட்டுக்கள் தென்படும். இந்த அறிகுறிகள் தெரிந்தால், நான்கு மல்லிகைப் பூவை தண்ணீரில் போட்டு கொதிக்க வைத்து, அந்த நீரை அருந்த வேண்டும்.
இவ்வாறு அருந்தினால், வயிற்றில் உள்ள கொக்கிக் புழு, நாடாப் புழுக்கள் அழியும். இந்த அறிகுறிகள் இருப்பவர்கள் மட்டுமல்ல, அனைவருமே இந்த மல்லிகைத் தண்ணீரை அருந்தினால், உடல் நலத்துக்கு நல்லது. அதே போல், மல்லிகைப் பூக்களை நிழலில் உலர்த்தி, அவை காகிதம் போல உலர்ந்த பின், அவற்றை பொடி செய்து, தண்ணீரில் கலந்து குடித்தால் சிறுநீரக கற்கள் தானாகவே கரைந்து போகும். வேறு சிகிச்சை தேவை இல்லை.
நோய் எதிர்ப்பு சக்தி இல்லாதவர்கள் மல்லிகைப் பூக்கள் ஒன்றிரண்டை மென்று விழுங்கினால், உடலில் எதிர்ப்புச் சக்தி அதிகரிக்கும். அவ்வப்போது ஏற்படும் உடல் நலப் பிரச்னைகளுக்கும், மல்லிகைப்பூ சிறந்த நிவாரணியாகும். சிலருக்கு மல்லிகை வாசனை, தலை
வலியை ஏற்படுத்தும். ஆனால், தலைவலியை குணமாக்கும் குணம் மல்லிகைக்கு உண்டு என்பது பலருக்கு தெரியாது. தலைவலி ஏற்படும் போது, சில மல்லிகைப் பூக்களை, கையில் வைத்து கசக்கி அதனை நெற்றியில் தேய்த்து விட்டால், தலைவலி காணாமல் போகும்.
மல்லிகைப்பூவில் இருந்து தயாரிக்கப்படும், வாசனை திரவியங்களை உலகளவில் பலர் பயன்படுத்தி வருகின்றனர். இதன் வாசனைக்கு அடிமையானவர்கள், வேறு சென்ட்டை பயன்படுத்துவதில்லை. மல்லிகைப் பூவில் இருந்து, ஒரு வகை எண்ணெய் எடுக்கப்படுகிறது. இந்த எண்ணெய் பல்வேறு உடல் பிரச்னைகளுக்கு அருமருந்தாக பயன்படுகிறது.
மன அழுத்தம், உடல் சூடு போன்ற பிரச்னைகளால் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட பெண்கள், பிடித்த அளவிற்கு மல்லிகைப் பூவை வாங்கி தலையில் சூடிக்கொண்டால் போதும். மன அழுத்தமும், உடல் சூடும் காணாமல் போய்விடும்.
மல்லிகைப்பூவின் மகத்துவத்தை அறிந்த நம் முன்னோர்கள், அந்த காலத்திலேயே பல்வேறு பிரச்னைகளுக்கு மருந்தாக இப்பூவை பயன்படுத்தி வந்துள்ளனர். உடலில் அடிபட்டு வீக்கம் அல்லது சுளுக்கு பிடிப்பு ஏற்பட்டால் மல்லிகைப் பூவை வைத்து கட்டுப்போட்டால் வீக்கமும் வலியும் நீங்கி விடும். உடல் வலி உள்ளவர்கள், படுக்கையில் மல்லிகைப்பூவை தூவி, படுத்து உறங்கினால் வலி நீங்கும்.

ஆண்களே, தாடியும் மீசையும் அடர்த்தியாக, விரைவாக வளர


ஆண்களுக்கு அழகே மீசைதான். நிறைய பெண்களுக்கு மீசை மற்றும் தாடியை ஆண்கள் வைத்திருந்தால், மிகவும் பிடிக்கும். ஆனால் சிலருக் கு மீசை மற்றும் தாடியானது சரியான
வளர்ச்சி பெறாமல் இருக்கும். எனவே அத்தகைய பிரச்சனையில் இருக்கும் ஆண்களுக்கு, மீசை மற்றும் தாடியை நன்கு வளர்ப்பதற்கு என்ன செய்ய வேண்டுமென்று பட்டியலிட்டுள்ளோம். அதைப்படித்துபின் பற்றி பார்க்கலாமே!!!
புரோட்டீன் உணவுகள்
உடலின் ஆரோக்கியத்தைப்பொறுத்தே, மீசை மற்றும் தாடியின் வளர்ச்சி உள்ளது. எனவே உடல் நன்கு ஆரோக்கியத்துடன் இருப்பதற்கு, போதிய ஊட்டச்சத்துள்ள உணவுகளை நன்கு சாப்பிட வேண்டும். குறிப்பாக புரோ ட்டீன் அதிகம் நிறைந்திருக்கும் உணவுகளான பீன்ஸ், முட்டை, பால், மீன் போன்றவற்றை அதிகம் டயட்டில் சேர்த்தால், அதில் உள்ள மற்ற சத்துக்கள் கூந்தல் வளர்ச்சி யை அதிகரிக்கும்.
அடிக்கடி ஷேவிங்
மீசை மற்றும் தாடி நன்கு வளர வேண்டுமெனில், அடிக்கடி ஷேவிங் செய்ய வேண்டும். இதனா ல் அங்கு கூந்தல் வளர்ச்சி குறைவாக இருந்தாலும், வளர்ச்சியானது அதிகரிக்கும்.
விளக்கெண்ணெய்
மீசை மற்றும் தாடியை நன்கு அடத்தியாக வளரச் செய்வதற்கு ஒரு சிறந்த வழியென்றால், அது விளக்கெண்ணெயை வைத்து மசாஜ் செய்வதுதான். இதனால் அங்குள்ள இரத்த ஓட்டமானது அதிகரித்து, மயிர் கால்கள் வலுவோடு வளர்ச்சி பெறும்.
டெஸ்டோஸ்டிரோன்
என்பது ஆண் ஹார்மோன். இவை தான் ஆண்க ளின் கூந்தல் வளர்ச்சியை கட்டுப்பாட்டில் வைத்திருக்கிறது. இந்த ஹார்மோன் ஆண்களி ன் உடலில் குறைவாக இருந்தாலும், கூந்தல் வளர்ச்சியானது குறைவாக இருக்கும். எனவே டெஸ்டோஸ்டிரோனை அதிகரிக்கும் ஜிங்க் அதிகம் உள்ள உணவுகளான முட்டை, மீன், கடல் சிப்பிகள், வேர்க் கடலை, எள் போன் றவற்றை அதிகம் உட்கொள்வதன் மூலம், மீசை மற்றும் தாடியின் வளர்ச்சியை அதிகரிக்கலாம்.
தண்ணீர்
உடலில் வறட்சி இருந்தாலோ அல்லது டாக்ஸின்கள் இருந்தாலோ, அவை கூந்தல் வளர்ச் சிக்கு தேவையான சத்துக்களை மயிர்கால்களுக்கு கிடைக்கப் பெறாமல், தடுக்கும். எனவே ஒரு நாளைக்கு குறைந்தது 8 டம்ளர் தண்ணீரை குடிக்க வேண்டும்.
போதுமான தூக்கம்
தூங்கும் போதுதான் உடலில் உள்ள அனைத்து பாகங்களில் உள்ள பழுது களும் சரியாகும். எனவே மீசை நன்கு வளர்ச்சியடைவ தற்கு, நல்ல தூக்கத்தை மேற்கொள்ள வேண்டும்.
இயற்கை வைத்தியம்
ரோஸ்மேரி ஆயிலுடன், ஆப்பிள் சீடர் வினிகர், ஜிஜோ பா ஆயில் மற்றும் கற்றாழை ஜெல் போன்றவற்றை கலந்து, தாடி மற்றும் மீசை வளரும் இடத்தில் தடவி சிறிது நேரம் மசாஜ் செய்து 10 நிமிடம் ஊற வந்தால், மீசை நன்கு வளரும்.

Wednesday, May 13, 2015

How to study CA (Chartered Accountant) Examination?

Here is some useful tips while studying Chartered Accountants Examination.
 CA degree is not hard but you have to take efforts according to that.
1. In every subject, there are some critical questions which we cannot remember its answers particularly theory subjects like IT, ISCA, Law, Audit or SFM theory etc.

Tip : 
a. If you find such a questions then take xerox copy of same pages from that book and you will find total 20 to 25 pages per subject. Then, while at the time of every revision when you will reach such question in book, please read the same question from that xerox copy. Hence, in exam hall when questions from that theory comes then you will automatically remember only these xerox pages. 
b. One more tip for this problem : Select  one common place for such type of questions for e.g. if you daily study in your bedroom, then read such a critical questions on your terrace and at the time of every revision read such type of question on your terrace only.

2. Everyone finds difficulty in remembering some definition, some important sections or some important sentences. 
Tip : If you find such a difficulty, my suggestion is……
Whenever you will think that I have to remember this definitions or sections then wherever you will find such a definitions or sections in book then pickup some 50 to 60 pages of the same book from that page and write the same definition on header of the page no. 50 or 60.
With the help of this, when you will come on page no. 50 or 60 then automatically  you will once again read and remember these definitions or sections.

3. In practical subject like SFM, Costing we have to remember formulae without which we cannot solve problems and also for remembering Sections.
Tip :
a. In practical subjects, you will find at least four or five chapters which contains important formulae. In my opinion write all five chapters formulae on five blank pages and staple it. While solving problems see formulae from that pages only and paste it on wall wherever you daily study.
b. And also whenever you will become boring or at every night after completion of your study review these pages.
c. And you can also ask one another while going outside or while chatting with your friends for e.g. what is AS 9, what is Section 274 etc.
d. Same tip you can follow for remembering Sections, AS and SAs.

4. For practical subjects like Accounts, Costing, SFM following practices you have do :
In my opinion, for practical subjects PRACTICE IS MUST.
a. Every Practical subject’s chapter contains 50 to 60 problems then while at the time of every revision you have to solve all these problems without seeing. First solve all problems from tuition notes without seeing and from Practice Manual of ICAI and then if you use any other author book then solve some unsolved problems from it.
Solving from Practice Manual is must. (Purchase dot matrix print pages from outside and solve on it)

Suggestion is that….
  Any type of Success will never come without struggle, So you have to take so much efforts for achieving such type of course like Study daily minimum 11 hours. I am talking about net 11 hours (i.e. only study hours).
  Keep your daily schedule fixed for e.g time of breakfast, time of lunch and time of taking break.
  Make Plan for study : For next 5 to 6 days you should make a plan
  Following you have to do :
Keep your mobile in switched off mode for 2 months.
Don’t recharge for net package.
Meet friends only for some queries.
  Everyone study daily 2 or 3 subjects but my way is that I had studied one subject for all four or five days and after completion of that only I used to study another subject. And for this purpose you have to plan accordingly and according to that plan only you must complete particular subject.
             For e.g.  From 1 to 6 march   -  Accounts
                            From 7 to 10 march  -  Law
                            From 11 to 15 march – SFM 
                            From 16 to 20 march     - Audit

Methods of Segregation Semi Variable Cost into Fixed Cost and Variable Cost

To segregate semi variable cost into fixed cost and variable cost is necessary because with this, we can add fixed cost proportion in total fixed cost and variable cost proportion in total variable cost. So, with following method, we can carry out this.
1. Graphical Method

With graphical method, we draw the graphic line of semi variable cost by taking output on x'ax and total semi variable cost at y'ax. After this, we do judgement and select a point where will be our fixed cost in semi variable cost. After this, we draw the line of best fit. This line shows the fixed cost which will not be changed after changing output.


2. High Points and Low Points Method


Under this method, we calculate total sale and total cost at highest level of production. Then we calculate total sale and total cost at lowest level of production. Because, semi variable cost have both variable and fixed cost. We first calculate variable rate with following formula :


=  Excess of total cost  / Excess Sale X 100


This rate shows variable cost of sale value. By using this rate, we also calculate variable cost of sale at highest level. Now, same variable cost will be deducted from total cost at the highest level of production. Reminder will be fixed cost.


For example


sale at higest highest level of production 140000

sale at lowest level of production 80000
---------------------------------------------
Excess sale =  60000
---------------------------------------------

total cost at highest level of production 72000

total cost at lowest level of production 60000

-----------------------------------------------


Excess cost = 12000

-------------------------------------------------

Variable cost rate = 12000/60000 X 100 = 20% of sale


Variable cost at highest level of production = 140000 X 20% = 28000


Fixed cost = Rs. 72000 - Rs. 28000


= Rs. 44000


3. Analytical Method


Under this method, cost accountant does some analysis for dividing semi variable cost into fixed cost and variable cost. After this, he calculate fixed cost on that rate which analyzed. Suppose, a cost accountant says that in the total semi variable cost, there may be 30% fixed cost and  70% variable cost. Now total semi variable cost will be divided on this basis.


If production level will increase, variable cost's proportion will increase with same rate. But fixed cost will not change.


4. Level of Activity Method


In this method, we compare two level of production with the amount of expenses in these levels.


Variable cost will be calculated with following method


Change in semi variable cost / Change in production volume


5. Least Square Method


This is statistical method in which we use this method for calculating a line of best fit. This method is based on the linear equation y = mx +c , y is total cost, x is volume of output and c is total fixed cost. By solving this equation mathematically, we can calculate variable cost(M) at different level of production.

Classification of Overheads in Cost Accounting

Without overheads, we can not operate our business. Still it is not main part of production cost but we can not make the product without overheads. So, it is necessary to add it and to go to its classification.




On the Basis of Function of Departments 


1. Production Department Overheads 

All the production department's overheads will include in this. Its other name is factory overheads or manufacturing overheads. It includes all indirect expenses like factory building rent, factory electricity and factory indirect material like grease, oil and spare clothes and cotton and indirect labor includes factory store keeper salary, factory supervisor and peon and watchmen's salary.


2. Sales and Distribution Department Overheads

For promotion of sales, there is need of paying sales department overheads. It includes the indirect expenses of salaries and commission of salesmen, showroom rent, salesmen's travelling expenses, advertising and bed debts.


3. Other Department Overheads

Except production centers and sales departments, there are lots of other department which include in administration and office. So, it includes salaries of office employees, office lighting and electricity, repair and depreciation of office assets and vehicles, carriage outward, and warehouse expenses.


On the Basis of Production Activities


1. Fixed Overheads


All overheads which do not change if there is change in the production, all such overheads will be fixed overheads.


2. Variable Overheads


All the overheads which change due to change in the production, will be the variable overheads.

3. Semi-Variable Overheads are those which have both fixed and variable overheads qualities. Such expenses will be fixed at certain level of production after this, these expenses will change according to change in the production.

Zero-Based Budget for Healthcare

Health is connected with all types of professional. Whether he or she is accountant or finance manager, without health, they can not do their work properly. They all are expert to make all types of budgets and control cash's flow inside and outside. But they do not know to make zero based budget for their health.


Recently, I researched to know whether there is zero budget for healthcare or not. I am shocked all have some disease in the family. So, they have permanent budget for medicine. When this inflation time, there is limited source of income and unlimited dreams, they should reduce their budget on medicine. For this, I have written this content.

Yes, it is possible, we can reduce our healthcare budget and it can reach at zero level. From many years, I did not keep a single Rupee for my own health. For this, I have followed some strict rules in my life. If you will follow, your budget can also zero on medicine.
A ) Sacrifice

1. Never Eat Meat, Chicken, Eggs, Fish and Other Non-Veg

Logic : God has made our internal motor just like vegetarian animal. So, we can not digest non-veg. So, same undigested will increase disease. So, leave non-veg. as soon as possible.

2. Never Eat Sugar and Sugar's Sweets

Logic : You should never eat sugar and sugar's sweet. Facts behind this is the production of sugar. Sugar is produced with the help of chemicals and sugarcane. So, these chemicals are harmful for health. So, leave it and your budget on health will reach at zero level.


3. Never Drink Cold Water and Drinks

Logic : Cold water's temperature is less than zero degree. When we drink it. Our body has to do more hard work for heating this cold water. So, this hard work is the wastage. So, we feel weak. So, never drink cold water. You should also not drink other types of soft drinks. All have dangerous for health due to including of chemicals.

4. Never Drink Tea

Logic : There are lots chemical in the production of tea. So, never drink it. It is harmful for health.

5. Never Use Refined Oil
Logic : There are lots of harmful chemicals in it. Use only pure cow's oil

6.  Never Soft wheat flour

Logic : There is no nutritional value in it. Only use heavy wheat flour. All products like smosa, bread, magi and puria should be stopped for eating.

7. English Medicine

Logic : There 20 side-effect of each English medicine. So, save your liver and heart and other organs by stopping to eat English medicine.


B) Exercise 


God has given use great gift. Its name is legs. So, use it for walking and running. Walk 10 kilometer daily. 

FCCB

FCCB's full form is foreign currency convertible bonds. Any bond which is issued in foreign currency is called FCCB. Main aim of this is to get debt from foreign countries.


Following are main features of FCCB


1.
It is issued in foreign currencies.

2.
It is trad-able in foreign stock exchange.

3.
Company can use this fund for repaying other for External Commercial Borrowings.

4.
Company has to show it on the basis of mark to market.

5.
International accounting standard 32, 39 and IFRS 7 will apply on FCCB.

6.
This bonds can also convert in equity shares.But it is only under the option of bondholder.

7.
These type of bonds are benefited for both issuer company and bondholders. Issuer company can get debt at low rate with this easily. Bondholder has security of return and also option to increase the value of their investment if there is increasing trend of share market.

Loss Due to FCCB


Indian company may get loss due to 


1.
 FCCB's turned out to be very expensive when the share prices of companies starts declining because bondholder get more shares if the follow the option of conversion. So, company's control will move due to this.

2.
 The problem got further compounded when the exchange rate turned unfavorable as seen by rupee fall. When the FCCBs were taken, the rupee was in the range of Rs 50-54 and now it is Rs 63.71 to a dollar (9th may 2015). Thus, companies need to repay this debt almost 25% more if they have to buy the same number of dollars.

Declaration by independent director


Date:

The Board of Directors



Dear Sir,

Sub: Declaration to act/ continue as an Independent Director in pursuance of the provisions of Section 149 of the Companies Act, 2013 and clause 49 of the Listing Agreement

I, __________, Director of ________________ Limited, do hereby declare that:
(a) I am a person of integrity and possess relevant expertise and experience;
(b) (i) I am or was not a promoter of the Company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company;
(ii) I am not related to promoters or directors in the Company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company;
(c) I do not have / had pecuniary relationship with the Company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company, or their promoters, or directors, during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year, apart from receiving director’s remuneration, if any;
(d) None of my relatives has or had pecuniary relationship or transaction with the Company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company, or their promoters, or directors, amounting to two per cent (2%) or more of its gross turnover or total income or fifty lakh rupees (Rs. 50,00,000/-) or such higher amount as may be prescribed, whichever is lower, during the two immediately preceding financial years or during the current financial year;
(e) Neither myself nor any of my relatives—
(i) hold or has held the position of a key managerial personnel or is or has been employee of the Company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which I am appointed;
(ii) is or has been an employee or proprietor or a partner, in any of the three financial years immediately preceding the financial year in which I am appointed, of—
(A) a firm of auditors or company secretaries in practice or cost auditors of the Company or its holding, subsidiary or associate company; or
(B) any legal or a consulting firm that has or had any transaction with the Company, its holding, subsidiary or associate company amounting to ten per cent (10%) or more of the gross turnover of such firm;
(iii) hold together with my relatives two per cent (2%) or more of the total voting power of the Company; or
(iv) is a Chief Executive or director, by whatever name called, of any non-profit organisation that receives twenty-five per cent (25%) or more of its receipts from the Company, any of its promoters, directors or its holding, subsidiary or associate company or that holds two per cent (2%) or more of the total voting power of the Company;
(f) I possess appropriate balance of skills, experience and knowledge in fields / disciplines related to the Company’s business;
(g) I am not a material supplier, service provider or customer or a lessor or lessee of the Company; and
(h) I am not less than 21 years of age.

_______________________